What is Body Fat Percentage?
Body fat percentage is the proportion of fat mass to total body weight. It's a more accurate indicator of health and fitness than weight alone, as it accounts for muscle mass, bone density, and water content.
Essential Fat: The minimum amount of fat needed for normal physiological function (3-5% for men, 8-12% for women)
Storage Fat: Additional fat stored for energy reserves and protection
Healthy Ranges:
- Men: 6-24% (Athletes: 6-13%, Fitness: 14-17%, Average: 18-24%)
- Women: 16-31% (Athletes: 16-20%, Fitness: 21-24%, Average: 25-31%)
Measurement Methods Explained
US Navy Method: Uses height, neck, waist, and hip (women) measurements. High accuracy (±3-4%) and doesn't require special equipment.
Skinfold Method: Measures subcutaneous fat at specific body sites using calipers. Accuracy depends on technique and experience (±3-5%).
BMI-Based Estimation: Uses height, weight, age, and gender. Less accurate (±5-8%) but useful when other methods aren't available.
Other Methods: DEXA scan, BodPod, hydrostatic weighing, and bioelectrical impedance offer higher accuracy but require specialized equipment.
Factors Affecting Body Fat
Several factors influence your body fat percentage:
- Age: Body fat tends to increase with age due to decreased muscle mass
- Gender: Women naturally have higher body fat percentages than men
- Genetics: Some people are predisposed to store fat in certain areas
- Activity Level: Regular exercise helps maintain lower body fat
- Diet: Caloric intake and macronutrient balance affect fat storage
- Hormones: Insulin, cortisol, and sex hormones influence fat distribution
- Sleep: Poor sleep can increase fat storage and hunger hormones
Health Implications
Too Low Body Fat:
- Hormonal imbalances
- Weakened immune system
- Loss of menstrual cycle (women)
- Decreased bone density
- Fatigue and mood changes
Too High Body Fat:
- Increased risk of heart disease
- Type 2 diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Sleep apnea
- Joint problems
- Certain cancers
Optimal Range: Aim for the healthy range for your age and gender to support overall health, energy levels, and physical performance.